88808 (community total) + 103 (my reviews for the past four days) = 88911
9 Likes
88911 (community total) + 58 (my reviews) = 88969
9 Likes
88969 (community total) + 41 (my reviews) = 89010
8 Likes
89010 (community total) + 91 (my reviews) = 89101
8 Likes
89101 (community total) + 23 (my reviews) = 89124
8 Likes
89124 (community total) + 33 (my reviews) = 89157
9 Likes
89157 (community total) + 108 (my reviews) = 89265
10 Likes
89265 (community total) + 53 (my reviews) = 89318
9 Likes
89,318 (community total) + 2(yesterday)+77 (today) = 89,397
10 Likes
89,397 (community total) + 49 (my reviews last 3 days) = 89,446
About 244 years in: ~1807
Over the last 30-ish years a few Japanese scholars had been slowing learning western medicine and anatomy from what Dutch materials and textbooks they could gather. In 1805 a Japanese physician named Sugita Genpaku went to visit Shogun Tokugawa Ienari to discuss the benefits of Western medical knowledge, which was a culmination of his life’s work in medicine. With the 鎖国 (Sakoku: national isolation) in force since the 1730’s, scientific knowledge from outside of Japan was hard to come by, and the only source available was from the Dutch merchant ships and the few visitors that came with them. 蘭学 (rangaku) was the study of Dutch (and therefore Western) knowledge and was promoted during Tokugawa Yoshimune’s rule (1716-1745). Over this time as more western medical knowledge came in, there were great debates on traditional Chinese texts vs western medicine, particularly in anatomy. Sugita Genpaku was part of a team that was fascinated with western medical knowledge and conducted a range of human dissections on freshly executed criminals and were shocked at just how accurate these western medical texts were. Over a period of 3 years they translated their primary Dutch anatomy book into Japanese, which is regarded as a major turning point for the research and use of Western medicine in Japan.
In 1804 a Japanese Surgeon named Hanaoka Seishu was the first person in the world to use general anaesthesia during surgery for breast cancer, nearly 40 years before western medicine used general anaesthesia in the form of diethyl ether. Hanaoka combined traditional Chinese medicines to create a solution that would induce unconsciousness and paralysis for 6-24 hrs, after which the patient would wake up with no (apparent) side effects. This was combined with modern western surgical techniques (thanks to 蘭学 and Genpaku’s promotion of western medical research) and enabled Hanaoka to perform hundreds of successful painless surgeries for a number of conditions. In 1805 he wrote a book that detailed his breast cancer surgery, and wrote many more books up until 1838, and trained many students in what became known as the Hanaoka Method.
18 Likes
89,446 community total + 14= 89_460
10 Likes
89460 (community total) + 31 (my reviews) = 89491
9 Likes
89491 (community total) + 10 (my reviews) = 89501
10 Likes
89501 (community total) + 15 (my reviews) = 89516
11 Likes
89516 (community total) + 29 (my reviews) = 89545
9 Likes
89545 (community total) + 30 (my reviews) = 89575
9 Likes
89575 (community total) + 73 (my reviews) = 89648
9 Likes
89648 (community total) + 20 (my reviews) = 89668
9 Likes
89668 + 60 = 89728
9 Likes
89728 (community total) + 135 (my reviews) = 89863
8 Likes