Sentence ending without any form of だ/です or する

Japanese
#21

That very definition of that process. I got advantage over you since I can translate that sentence into Polish. In polish there is no way to mistake it for anything else than nominal sentence.

And the question is not if it is natural in English. But if it is closest representation.

Since we do agree but use different words to say the same I would call it a day :hugs:

I will only explain what I mean by “nominal sentence”: it is such a sentence that does not have a verb and therefore it is not possible to assign subject in any meaningful way.

We a few way to create nominal sentences in Polish. Some simple examples:

Czytać - dictionary of “to read”.
Książka - book

“Czytam książkę” - I am reading a book.
“Czytać książkę” - nominal sentence in very general form. something like “to read a book”
“Czytanie ksiząki” - act of reading a book
"czytawszy książkę - during reading a book

Notice that there is no meaningful way to assign subject. Those are forms of verb to read in nominal form. They are all nouns. (except “czytam”. it is singular first person present tense progressive form of that word)

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#22

I learned something new!

The OP’s example may be a little more controversial since even though it has no verb, the verb is strongly implied. Also, even if the verb were included, the subject would not be any more or less clear.

But I think a really good example of a nominalized sentence is the example I gave:

Technically, this is an inaccurate translation because I am using “to intend,” which is a verb, but the corresponding word, つもり, is a noun. Translating it properly would result in something like “Upon graduating X, it is the entering into Y intention.” That’s a pretty non-controversial case of a nominal sentence because there is no implied verb in the Japanese sentence.

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#23

I believe in Japanese it could be still copula sentence (or something). Since strange thing about Japanese is that they do imply だ. That’s where my confusion was: I was under the impression that it is not possible to not imply it. So technically it is not a nominal sentence in a strict sense.

But on other hand that one of the functions. We in Poland even call something like “sentence replacer” since it is often do just that:

“What do you read?”
“harry potter” meaning “I am reading Harry Potter” is function normal “verb sentence”, but if you take it in different context it will “proper” nominal sentence. Np on a cover of a book.

Edit:
This is often more complicated because of those legal omissions. Main question would be if there is a way to add what was omitted. If not then clearly nothing was omitted in the first place :hugs:

I am not able to say if that is the case here.

So more of purely grammatical difference most of the time?

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#24

I see, I’m just not familiar with the terminology. I never interpreted a copula as a verb, but rather as an equation A=B. Not gonna argue linguistics here lol.

My guess is that the OP’s original sentence is not a copular sentence. The sentence I gave before, however, is, and would be even if だ were omitted.

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#25

I have that advantage that Polish grammar is very complex so they have to teach as that stuff. But it is very precise.

English grammar is easy, but messy. Most difficult thing for me was to figure out when you use word as verb, noun, or adjective…

“I am reading” verb
“I do some reading” noun
“reading book” (let’s imagine that you call a book you learn to read from) adjective

Nightmare…

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#26

I’ve asked about this on HiNative: https://hinative.com/en-US/questions/18209610

I might not get any responses since I might be asking something a bit too heavy on linguistics.

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#27

I would not make native an expert on the language though, but I am interested anyway.

People tend to not understand their language on rational level. We know how to use it, but why it works? We never had to care. It is like driving a car. You don’t think what you do. If you would drive from time you are 1 year old you would not even understand how you do what you do. :sweat_smile:

But that will be interesting to have theirs input :hugs:

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#28

Welp, so it turns out that you could indeed add the verb, but, contrary to my expectations, you could also add the copula and be fine.

In each case the nuance changes, though. And I am pretty sure my initial assertion that the reason for the omission was to convey a certain feeling is pretty accurate.

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#29

so we do agree :hugs:

#30

Wow, these kinds of nuance is gonna be pretty difficult to grasp despite being pretty much the most basic forms of grammar you learn right at very beginning.

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#31

That is my experience with english, so it may not apply here, but I think there is no point in worrying about it.

Just remember for natives it can imply both things (whatever that things are) and over time drop your English translation from Japanese. Let your brain do the rest of the job itself.

It just happen to be that knowing if “reading” is noun, verb or adjective is useful only at the start of learning. Knowing it does not matter to me anymore. It is always “reading” regardless.

Making such distinctions helps 3 types of people: total beginner, translators, linguists.

I would go with what is easiest to understand to me with my background (nominal interpretation) but it something else click better with you then I don’t see a problem. Soon enough you should drop that interpretation anyway and start to feel the difference.

You guys clearly are not aware that what you are saying is often nominal sentence, not progressive tense. Nor you spend a second thinking if “reading” is a verb.

In fact grammar is just theory. To this day we don’t know for sure if english has future tense or express it by present tense.

“I will read” - future? or statement about my “will” now.

it is fun debate, and very useful one, but better not go crazy with conclusions xD

Edit:
In this video there is little bit about lacking tenses in the language (chinese, japanese, english as examples) go to 6:40 to listen about lack of “future” in English:

hmm… be looking how fast china grows I can kind of agree English has no future xD

#32

Hmm… you have forgotten to ask if they read it as sentence that does neither imply だ・する nor obvious subject. Just plain non verb sentence. It would be interesting to have a look if they would see it that way without being prompted to choose one or another. :hugs:

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#33

Whoops, too late now ;c

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#34

That should clear confusion. I noticed that there is some nonsense on yt that some people confuse copula sentence as nominal sentence 0_o

Copula is verb sentence. It use verb “to be”. So it does answer the question “what subject is doing?” (there has to be subject). For when I say “Girl is beautiful” does answer the question “what girl is doing?”. “She is BEING beautiful”. That technically an “action of being” from grammar perspective.

I think understanding what nominal sentence are will clear some grammatical problems. It at least feels that way for me.

One thing. In view of many people (including Cure Dolly) there are 3 kind of verb sentence in Japanese:

  1. Copula (だ・です)
  2. い-adjectives (they imply “to be” in itself in Japanese)
  3. proper verb sentence (including suru)

Edit: that may help as well