The way I see it
“Fuji-san is pretty” I think
“That’s a cat” I think
The とis quoting what you think 
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But what about the question mark on the second one?
The translation in the example is:
Do you think that Mt. Fuji is beautiful?
I still don’t understand that one.
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Oop sorry I just woke up didn’t see the ? (´(ｪ)｀）
In that case I would say
Do you think that Mt. Fuji is beautiful? (This that is a quotation helper too isn’t it? )
Do you think “Mt. Fuji is beautiful”?
“Mt. Fuji is beautiful” you think?
(Obviously in normal translations I wouldn’t write it this way, but to help you understand)
Again と is just quoting thoughts here. You understand the questions just fine✨ Just know that , と comes before おもう a majority the time. For me, I didn’t think about how the とwould make sense in English, just that I needed it before using おもう to make sense in Japanese. がんばって it’ll get easier as you learn more and grow
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ありがとう I hope it will and it is good to know that it is common with おもう
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Would it make sense to use と in sentences like :
- I learned the kanji for “this word” today
- I still don’t know how to say “that word”
- I’m having trouble with “vocab”
Today I wrote to a friend I made in Japan. I wanted to tell them I learned a new kanji. I phrased it like this:
今日は、「床」の漢字勉強しました。
But during my Bunpro grammar study I just learned about と being used after quotation marks and now I’m questioning if the above is correct or if there’s a better way to say it.
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Your sentence is fine, it will get the meaning across.
In this kind of situation you can use this construction: という (JLPT N3) | Bunpro. Just と on its own is not enough.
You can also quote with って (JLPT N5) | Bunpro if you speak more casually.
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